Summary_Human reproduction
# Name the parts of the female reproductive system on the diagram! (8p)
# Name the parts of the male reproductive system! (7p)
# What are the tasks of the clitoris? (3p)
sexual arousal and orgasm (richest in mechanoreceptors)
# List the tasks of the vagina? What is the task of its acidic pH? (4p)
- organ of intercourse
- channel of menstrual flow
- childbirth canal
acidic pH → protects against infection
# Name the parts of the uterus! Write about the menstrual cycle and the task of the uterus! (5p)
TASK: where fetus develops
endometrium gets thinner without fertilization, endometrium sheds with the help of blood
# What are the tasks of the ovaries? (4p)
gonad → produces egg cells
produces sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
# Explain the erection of the penis! (Structures, happenings) (5p)
- directed from brain and spinal cord (under inhibition)
- arteries relax → blood enters sinuses
- veins closed by filled corpus cavarnousa
# List the organs that produce some parts of the semen! (3p)
testicles, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
# What are the tasks of the testicles? (3p)
produces sperm cells
produces androgen as endocrine gland
# Why is prostate gland important? (4p)
place where semen components unite, muscular muscle contracts contracts → orgasm
# Where does the fertilization happen? How long does human pregnancy last? Where does the implantation of the embryo happen? (3p)
fallopian tubes, 38-40 weeks (9 months), implantation in the uterus
# Write a few things about the 1st trimester? (4p)
- fertilization
- implantation
- highest risk of misscarriage
- heartbeat
# What happens in the 2nd trimester? (5p)
- baby bump
- movement can be felt
- sex can be determined (by ultrasound )
- fetus can react to sounds
- high chance of survival outside of uterus
# List the steps of childbirth in order! (5p)
# What can spread STD pathogens? (3p)
blood, vaginal discharge, semen (enter through microtears)
# Write about syphilis! (5p)
- painless ulcers around genitals
- warts around the body (antibiotics still effective)
- lurks
- bacteria spreads to nervous system, bones, vascular system
- death
# Why is chlamydia dangerous? (4p)
80% of females without symptoms, 50% of males
infectious
causes infertility
# Write about human papillomavirus? (4p)
- vaccines against it (different variants)
- cancer in genitals
- papilloma around genitals and other skin surface
- infectious
# What are the advantages of condom usage? (3p)
- mechanical protection
- easy to get
- almost 100% security (physically stops sperm)
# Write about spermicides! (4p)
- used in vagina (15 minutes before sex)
- easy to get
- stops sperm movement → cannot reach the egg
- forms
- gel
- foam
- suppositories
# Choose 2 fertility awareness methods and explain 1 of them! (5p)
# Coitus interruptus
vaginal intercourse stopped before ejaculation
# Temperature method
temperature taken every morning (same conditions)
~0.2°C increase is a sign of ovulation → avoid sex for 6 days
# Cervical mucus method
mucus becomes like egg-white and rubbery
# Ogino-Knauss / calendar method
menstrual cycle tracked for 6 months
ovulation in the middle of the cycle
# Compare the birth control pill and birth control ring (common and different features)! (5p)
contain estrogen/progesterone → prevent ovulation (fake pregnancy)
used for 21 days, menstruation happens in the remaining 7
| birth control pill | birth control ring |
|---|---|
| taken orally | inserted in the vagina |
| absorbed through gut | absorbed through vaginal mucus (more direct) |
# How can the IUD/IUS prevent pregnancy? (5p)
makes endometrium thinner
IUD - copper causes sterile infection
IUS - hormones prevent ovulation
# Write about the morning after pill! (4p)
used within 3-5 days of sex
contains large amounts of progesterone
may change menstrual cycle
# What is made in the case of female sterilization? (4p)
laparoscopic operation
fallopian tubes are sealed
# What is vasectomy? (4p)
short surgery (15-30 minutes)
vas deferens are sealed